Social Ecology
Connects ecological problems with hierarchical social arrangements. It proposes democratic and decentralized institutions as part of changing human relationships with the natural world.
Foundational doctrines
- Ecology and hierarchy
- Direct democracy
- Decentralization
- Confederated municipalities
Disagreement and variation
The contested claim is how far social hierarchy explains environmental harm and whether local democratic institutions can address large-scale ecological systems. Bookchin’s communalism differs from some anarchist and lifestyle ecological approaches; the framework is not ecological thought as a whole.
Numerical positions in the interactive model are editorial reference estimates, not scientifically validated measurements.